kousa), all the fruits in the inflorescence fuse (syncarpy) to form a compound fruit, containing multiple stones. In the Asian large-bract dogwoods of subgenus Syncarpea (for example, C. One or two seeds are enclosed within the hard endocarp, which in the cornelian cherries is riddled with cavities (Kubitzki 2004, Cappiello & Shadow 2005, Xiang & Boufford 2005). The fruit is a fleshy, pedunculate drupe and may be black, blue, white or red. They are hermaphrodite (rarely unisexual), 4-merous and with inconspicuous, valvate petals. The flowers are arranged in dense heads or open panicles, umbels, etc. chinensis) and may be surrounded by petal-like bracts. Inflorescences are terminal (axillary in C. Flowering may occur before or after spring leaf expansion, and most species are monoecious (dioecy is restricted to the African C. controversa), simple, elliptic to ovate and glabrous or densely pubescent: details of hair types and abundance are important for identification. Winter buds are terminal or axillary, covered or exposed. The stems are typically pubescent, with distinctive T-shaped trichomes. The rough bark of the tree-forming species does not compare with the colourful bark of C. They can be shrubs, trees or rhizomatous ‘herbs’ (actually miniature shrubs), with deciduous (rarely evergreen) leaves. florida) and the bractless dogwoods (for example, C. canadensis), the large-bract dogwoods (for example, C. Notwithstanding this taxonomic uncertainty, there are four easily distinguished groups within Cornus: the cornelian cherries (for example, C. petals) Meeting without overlapping (of dehiscent fruit) opening via valves. valvate (of similar parts of a plant: e.g. unisexual Having only male or female organs in a flower. keel petal (in the flowers of some legumes) The two front petals fused together to form a keel-like structure. ovate Egg-shaped broadest towards the stem. monograph Taxonomic account of a single genus or family. monoecious With male and female flowers on the same plant. involucre A ring of bracts surrounding an inflorescence. inflorescence Flower-bearing part of a plant arrangement of flowers on the floral axis. hybrid Plant originating from the cross-fertilisation of genetically distinct individuals (e.g. hermaphrodite Having both male and female parts in a single flower bisexual. Can be membranous and indistinguishable from the other layers of the fruit wall or may be hard woody and distinctive (see drupe). endocarp Innermost layer of the fruit wall. drupe A fleshy dehiscent or indehiscent fruit with one to several seeds each enclosed in a hard endocarp (the stone). a compound leaf is a leaf with several leaflets). compound Made up or consisting of two or more similar parts (e.g. clone Organism arising via vegetative or asexual reproduction. bract Reduced leaf often subtending flower or inflorescence. Glossary alternate Attached singly along the axis not in pairs or whorls.
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